Contents
xv
16.4.1
Nutrients Availability
248
16.4.2
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Solid Retention Time (SRT)
250
16.4.3
Design of Biohydrogen-Producing Reactor
250
16.4.4
Substrate Concentration
250
16.4.5
Temperature and pH
251
16.4.6
Seed Culture
251
16.4.7
Hydrogen Partial Pressure
251
16.5
Techniques to Improve Biohydrogen Production
252
16.5.1
Reactor Design and Configuration
252
16.5.2
Microbial Consortia
252
16.6
Environmental and Economic Assessment of BioHydrogen Production
in AnMBRs
253
16.7
Future Perspectives of Biohydrogen Production
253
16.8
Products Based on Solid-State Fermenter
253
16.8.1
Bioactive Products
253
16.8.2
Enzymes
254
16.8.3
Organic Acids
255
16.8.4
Biopesticides
256
16.8.5
Aroma Compounds
256
16.8.6
Bio-Pigment Production
257
16.8.7
Miscellaneous Compounds
257
16.9
Koji Fermenters for SSF for Production of Different Chemicals
257
16.10
Recent Research on Biofuel Manufacturing in Bioreactors Other than
Biohydrogen
258
References
259
Part VI
Waste2Energy with Biotechnology: Feasibilities and
Challenges
263
17
Utilization of Microbial Potential for Bioethanol Production
from Lignocellulosic Waste
265
Manisha Rout, Bithika Sardar, Puneet K. Singh, Ritesh Pattnaik, and
Snehasish Mishra
17.1
Introduction
265
17.1.1
Bioethanol from Different Feed Stocks
265
17.1.2
Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass
266
17.1.3
Structure and Composition of Lignocellulose
266
17.1.4
Challenges in Bioethanol Production from LCB
267
17.2
Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol
268
17.3
Biological Pretreatment
271
17.3.1
Potential Microorganisms Involved in Lignin Degradation
272
17.3.1.1
Lignin Degrading Fungi
272
17.3.1.2
Lignin-Degrading Bacteria
274
17.3.2
Mechanism Involved in Delignification
274